PHAROS is a series of femtosecond lasers combining multi‑millijoule pulse energy and high average power. PHAROS features a mechanical and optical design optimized for both scientific and industrial applications. A compact, thermally‑stabilized, and sealed design enables PHAROS integration into various optical setups and machining workstations. The robust optomechanical design provides an exceptional laser lifetime and stable operation in varying environments.

The tunability of PHAROS allows the system to cover applications normally requiring multiple different laser systems. Tunable parameters include pulse duration (100 fs – 20 ps), repetition rate (single-shot – 1 MHz), pulse energy (up to 4 mJ), and average power (up to 20 W).

A pulse-on-demand mode is available using the built-in pulse picker. The versatility of PHAROS can be extended by a variety of options, including carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilization, repetition rate locking to an external source, automated harmonic modules and optical parametric amplifiers.

Output Characteristics

Model	PH2-10W	PH2-20W	PH2-4mJ	PH2-1mJ-SP	PH2-2mJ-SP	PH2-UP
Center wavelength ¹⁾	1030 ± 10 nm
Maximum output power	10 W	20 W		10 W	20 W	10 W / 20 W
Pulse duration ²⁾	< 290 fs		< 450 fs ³⁾	< 190 fs		< 100 fs
Pulse duration tuning range	290 fs – 10 ps (20 ps on request)		450 fs – 10 ps	190 fs – 10 ps (20 ps on request)		100 fs – 10 ps
Maximum pulse energy	0.2 mJ / 0.4 mJ		4 mJ	1 mJ	2 mJ	0.2 mJ / 0.4 mJ
Repetition rate	Single-shot – 1 MHz
Pulse selection	Single-shot, pulse-on-demand, any fundamental repetition rate division
Polarization	Linear, horizontal
Beam quality, M²	< 1.2		< 1.3			< 1.2
Beam diameter ⁴⁾	3.3 ± 0.3 mm / 4.0 ± 0.4 mm		6.6 ± 0.7 mm	4.5 ± 0.5 mm	6.6 ± 0.7 mm	4.5 ± 0.5 mm
Beam pointing stability	< 20 µrad/°C
Pre-pulse contrast	< 1 : 1000
Post-pulse contrast	< 1 : 200
Pulse-to-pulse energy stability, 24 h ⁵⁾	< 0.5%
Long-term power stability, 100 h ⁵⁾	< 0.5%

Precise wavelengths for specific models are available on request.
Assuming Gaussian pulse shape.
Pulse duration can be reduced to < 250 fs if pulse peak intensity of > 50 GW/cm² is tolerated by customer setup.
Precise wavelength for specific models are available on request.
FW 1/e², measured at laser output, using maximum pulse energy.Under stable environmental conditions. Expressed as NRMSD (normalized root mean squared deviation).

Main options

Model	PH2-10W	PH2-20W	PH2-4mJ	PH2-1mJ-SP	PH2-2mJ-SP	PH2-UP
Oscillator output	1 – 6 W, 50 – 250 fs, ≈ 1035 nm, ≈ 76 MHz ¹⁾
Harmonic generator ²⁾	515 nm, 343 nm, 257 nm, or 206 nm
Optical parametric amplifier ³⁾	320 – 10000 nm
BiBurst mode	Tunable GHz and MHz burst with burst-in-burst capability
CEP stabilization	Check options for details
Repetition rate locking	Check options for details

Available simultaneously. Contact sales@lightcon.com for details or customized solutions.
Integrated. For external harmonic generator, refer to HIRO.
Integrated. For -4mJ and -UP models, as well as external OPAs, refer to ORPHEUS OPAs.

Physical dimensions

Model	PH2-10W	PH2-4mJ	PH2-1mJ-SP
Laser head (L × W × H) ¹⁾	730 × 419 × 230 mm	843 × 492 × 250 mm	730 × 419 × 230 mm
Chiller (L × W × H)	590 × 484 × 267 mm
24 V DC power supply (L × W × H) ¹⁾	280 × 144 × 49 mm

Dimensions depend on laser configuration and integrated options.

Environmental & Utility Requirements

Model	PH2-10W	PH2-20W	PH2-4mJ	PH2-1mJ-SP	PH2-2mJ-SP	PH2-UP
Operating temperature	15 – 30 ºC (air conditioning recommended)
Relative humidity	< 80% (non-condensing)
Electrical requirements	100 V AC, 12 A – 240 V AC, 5 A; 50 – 60 Hz
Rated power	1000 W
Power consumption	600 W
Chiller
Electrical requirements	100 – 230 V AC; 50 – 60 Hz
Rated power	1400 W
Power consumption	1000 W

General performance

Pulse energy vs fundamental repetition rate of PHAROS

Typical pulse duration of PHAROS-PH2-UP

Typical spectrum of PHAROS-PH2-UP

Typical pulse duration of PHAROS-PH2-20W

Typical spectrum of PHAROS-PH2-20W

Typical M² measurement data of PHAROS

Typical near-field beam profile of PHAROS

Typical far-field beam profile of PHAROS

Stability

Long-term power stability of PHAROS

PHAROS lasers operating 24x7 during the years

Output power of industrial-grade PHAROS lasers operating 24/7 and current of pump diodes during the years

PHAROS output power and beam direction with power lock enabled, under varying environmental conditions

Typical pulse-to-pulse energy stability of PHAROS

Harmonic generators and OPAs

Pulse energy vs repetition rate of PHAROS with HG

Typical tuning curves of PHAROS with I-OPA-TW-ONE. Pump: 40 W, 400 µJ, 100 kHz

Typical tuning curves of PHAROS with I-OPA-TW-HP. Pump: 40 W, 400 µJ, 100 kHz

Typical tuning curves of PHAROS with I-OPA-TW-F. Pump: 40 W, 400 µJ, 100 kHz

CEP and RRL

Short-term CEP stability of PHAROS operating at 200 kHz repetition rate

Long-term CEP stability of PHAROS operating at 200 kHz repetition rate

Phase noise data of PHAROS oscillator locked to a 2.8 GHz RF source

PHAROS timing jitter stability over 14 h

Timing jitter stability over 14 h; PHAROS oscillator locked to a 2.8 GHz RF source

PHAROS-PH2

PHAROS-PH2 femtosecond laser with integrated harmonic generator

PHAROS-PH2 femtosecond laser (back view)

PHAROS-PH2-730 drawing. Most options fit under this cover (100 fs; FEC; BiBurst; Harmonics; low jitter pre-trigger; SP models)

PHAROS-PH2-770 drawing. Used when BiBurst and Harmonics are both selected as options

PHAROS-PH2-827 drawing. Used for HE harmonics modules and 4mJ version

Drawing and output ports of PHAROS-PH2 with fixed-wavelength I-OPA-FW-HP

Drawing of PHAROS-PH2 with fixed-wavelength I-OPA-HP

Drawing and output ports of PHAROS-PH2 with tunable I-OPA-HP

PHAROS-PH1

PHAROS-PH1 femtosecond laser with integrated harmonic generator

Drawing of PHAROS-PH1 laser with integrated harmonic generator

PHAROS-PH1 femtosecond laser with fixed wavelength I-OPA-FW instaled

Output ports of PHAROS-PH1 with fixed wavelength I-OPA-FW

Tunable GHz and MHz Burst with Burst-in-Burst Capability

PHAROS lasers have an option for tunable GHz and MHz burst with burst-in-burst capability – called BiBurst. In standard mode, a single pulse is emitted at some fixed frequency. In burst mode, the output consists of pulse packets instead of single pulses. Each packet consists of a certain number of equally separated pulses. MHz‑Burst contains N pulses with a nanosecond period, GHz‑Burst contains P pulses with a picosecond period. If both bursts are used, the equally separated pulse packets contain sub‑packets of pulses (burst‑in‑burst, BiBurst).

Automated Harmonic Generators

PHAROS lasers equipped with automated harmonic generators (HGs) provide a selection of fundamental (1030 nm), second (515 nm), third (343 nm), fourth (257 nm), or fifth (206 nm) harmonic outputs using software control. HGs are perfect for industrial applications that require a single-wavelength output. Modules, mounted directly at the output of the laser, are fully integrated into the system.

Industrial-Grade Optical Parametric Amplifiers

The industrial-grade optical parametric amplifier I-OPA series marks a new era of simplicity in the world of wavelength‑tunable femtosecond sources. Based on decades of experience with optical parametric amplifiers, this solution combines wavelength tunability with robust industrial design. The I-OPA is integrated into the laser; thus, the single-box solution provides mechanical stability and eliminates the effects of air turbulence, minimizing energy fluctuations and ensuring stable long-term performance.

CEP Stabilization

PHAROS lasers can be equipped with feedback electronics for carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilization of the output pulses. The carrier-envelope offset (CEO) of the PHAROS oscillator is actively locked to 1/4th of the repetition rate with a < 100 mrad standard deviation. The CEP stable pulses from the synchronized amplifier have a < 350 mrad standard deviation. The CEP drift occurring inside the amplifier and the user’s setup can be compensated with an out of loop f-2f interferometer, which is a part of the complete PHAROS active CEP stabilization package.

Short-term CEP stability of PHAROS operating at 200 kHz repetition rate

Long-term CEP stability of PHAROS operating at 200 kHz repetition rate

Repetition Rate Locking

The oscillator of PHAROS laser can be customized for repetition rate locking applications. Coupled with the necessary feedback electronics, the repetition rate is synchronized to an external RF source using the two piezo stages installed inside the cavity. The repetition rate locking system can assure an integrated timing jitter of less than 200 fs for RF reference frequencies larger than 500 MHz. Continuous phase shifting is available on request.

Phase noise data of PHAROS oscillator locked to a 2.8 GHz RF source

Timing jitter stability over 14 h; PHAROS oscillator locked to a 2.8 GHz RF source

Publications

Electrically driven amplified spontaneous emission from colloidal quantum dots

N. Ahn, C. Livache, V. Pinchetti, H. Jung, H. Jin, D. Hahm, Y. Park, and V. I. Klimov, Nature 7959 (617), 79-85 (2023).

Optically Excited Lasing in a Cavity-Based, High-Current-Density Quantum Dot Electroluminescent Device

N. Ahn, Y. Park, C. Livache, J. Du, K. Gungor, J. Kim, and V. I. Klimov, Advanced Materials 9 (35), 2206613 (2023).

Fluorescence spectroscopy PHAROS

Packing-induced selectivity switching in molecular nanoparticle photocatalysts for hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide production

H. Yang, C. Li, T. Liu, T. Fellowes, S. Y. Chong, L. Catalano, M. Bahri, W. Zhang, Y. Xu, L. Liu et al., Nature Nanotechnology 3 (18), 307-315 (2023).

Transient absorption spectroscopy ORPHEUS PHAROS HARPIA-TA

Spin-exchange carrier multiplication in manganese-doped colloidal quantum dots

H. Jin, C. Livache, W. D. Kim, B. T. Diroll, R. D. Schaller, and V. I. Klimov, Nature Materials 8 (22), 1013-1021 (2023).

Transient absorption spectroscopy PHAROS

1.3% conversion efficiency terahertz source based on lithium niobate pumped by sub-millijoule ytterbium laser

L. Guiramand, J. E. Nkeck, X. Ropagnol, T. Ozaki, and F. Blanchard, in Optica High-brightness Sources and Light-driven Interactions Congress 2022, (Optica Publishing Group, 2022).

THz generation PHAROS

Analytical Model for the Depth Progress during Laser Micromachining of V-Shaped Grooves

D. Holder, R. Weber, and T. Graf, Micromachines 6 (13), 870 (2022).

Milling of complex 3D structures Precision parts cutting PHAROS

Broadband Multidimensional Spectroscopy Identifies the Amide II Vibrations in Silkworm Films

A. S. Chatterley, P. Laity, C. Holland, T. Weidner, S. Woutersen, and G. Giubertoni, Molecules 19 (27), 6275 (2022).

2D infrared spectroscopy ORPHEUS-MIR PHAROS

Charge Photogeneration and Recombination in Fluorine-Substituted Polymer Solar Cells

R. Hu, Y. Liu, J. Peng, J. Jiang, M. Qing, X. He, M. Huo, and W. Zhang, Frontiers in Chemistry 10 (2022).

Transient absorption spectroscopy ORPHEUS PHAROS HARPIA HARPIA-TA

Cobalt(III) Carbene Complex with an Electronic Excited-State Structure Similar to Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Compounds

N. Sinha, B. Pfund, C. Wegeberg, A. Prescimone, and O. S. Wenger, Journal of the American Chemical Society 22 (144), 9859-9873 (2022).

Transient absorption spectroscopy ORPHEUS PHAROS HARPIA HARPIA-TA

Completely Anisotropic Ultrafast Optical Switching and Direction-Dependent Photocarrier Diffusion in Layered ZrTe ₅

S. B. Seo, S. Nah, M. Sajjad, J. Song, N. Singh, S. H. Suk, H. Baik, S. Kim, G. Kim, J. Kim et al., Advanced Optical Materials 3 (11), 2201544 (2022).

Transient absorption spectroscopy ORPHEUS PHAROS HARPIA-TA

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Datasheets