Applications

Transient absorption (TA) experiment allows quantitative characterization of time-dependent absorption of an optically excited sample.

Fluorescence upconversion, time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC), and phosphorescence allow measuring fluorescence dynamics at different time scales.

Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is a time-resolved spectroscopy technique for observing changes in the vibrational structure of optically excited molecular systems.

Laser-induced transient grating (LITG) spectroscopy is a pump-probe technique that utilizes laser interference instead of a single beam to excite the medium.

Sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is used to assess the vibrational properties of surfaces and interfaces with a monolayer sensitivity.

Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES) extends and complements conventional ARPES by adding femtosecond time-resolution.

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is an ultrafast laser spectroscopy technique studying electronic states in condensed-phase systems.

Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2DIR) is a nonlinear infrared spectroscopy technique investigating vibrational modes in condensed-phase systems.

The principle of flash photolysis is analogous to the femtosecond transient absorption (TA) experiment but with the delay in a nanosecond–microsecond range.

The Z-scan experimental technique is used for measuring the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of optical materials.