Fluorescence upconversion, time-correlated single-photon counting, and phosphorescence allow measuring fluorescence dynamics at different time scales.

Time-resolved spectroscopy technique for observing changes in the vibrational structure of optically excited molecular systems.

Laser-induced transient grating spectroscopy is a pump-probe technique that utilizes laser interference instead of a single beam to excite the medium.

Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy is used to assess the vibrational properties of surfaces and interfaces with monolayer sensitivity.

TR-ARPES extends and complements conventional ARPES by adding femtosecond time resolution.

An ultrafast laser spectroscopy technique studying electronic states in condensed-phase systems.

A nonlinear infrared spectroscopy technique investigating vibrational modes in condensed-phase systems.

The principle of flash photolysis is analogous to the femtosecond transient absorption experiment but with the delay in a nanosecond–microsecond range.

The Z-scan experimental technique is used for measuring the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of optical materials.